珀金斯柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)冬季啟動(dòng)困難檢測

珀金斯柴油機(jī)在使用中啟動(dòng)困難問題比較常見，尤其冬季嚴(yán)寒低溫情況下，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)本身溫度低，啟動(dòng)吸入的空氣溫度過低，柴油機(jī)潤滑油的粘度大，加之柴油的低溫流動(dòng)性差，很難將柴油霧化引燃。

在此情況下，啟動(dòng)是相當(dāng)困難的，因此，冬季柴油機(jī)啟動(dòng)困難是柴油機(jī)啟動(dòng)故障的預(yù)防重點(diǎn)之一。

一、Perkins柴油機(jī)順利啟動(dòng)條件
Perkins柴油機(jī)順利啟動(dòng)，關(guān)鍵在于噴入氣缸的柴油能否與被壓縮的空氣迅速組成可燃混合氣和及時(shí)點(diǎn)火燃燒。因此使進(jìn)入氣缸的空氣被壓縮后具有較高的溫度和壓力，是保證柴油機(jī)順利啟動(dòng)的主要因素。

為滿足以上要求，必須具備以下條件：
（ 1 ）要有足夠的啟動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)速；轉(zhuǎn)速高（ Perkins 發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)一般為 250 — 300r/min ），氣體滲透漏小、壓縮窯向缸內(nèi)傳熱時(shí)間短，熱量損失少，易造成較高溫度和壓力；
（ 2 ）氣缸密封性要好，可減少氣體滲漏，增加壓縮終了時(shí)的壓力和溫度；
（ 3 ）噴油提前角要符合要求，噴油質(zhì)量好，否則形不成可燃混合氣。
二、因供油系統(tǒng)本身故障引起啟動(dòng)困難的原因
（ 1 ）噴嘴發(fā)卡或堵塞，噴油泵柱塞卡滯；出油閥密封不嚴(yán)；供油調(diào)節(jié)拉桿功能不良；輸油泵工作失效；有關(guān)部件損壞等，均會(huì)致使噴油泵不能產(chǎn)生高壓油霧；
（ 2 ）噴油定時(shí)不準(zhǔn)：其原因有推桿滾輪及凸輪磨損；噴油泵驅(qū)動(dòng)連接部件損壞及調(diào)校不當(dāng)；
（ 3 ）噴油壓力過低及噴油霧化不良；多屬噴油嘴針閥卡滯、噴油嘴調(diào)節(jié)彈簧斷損等；
（ 4 ）油面過低、油路不供油；多為燃油箱中無燃油，油管裂損進(jìn)氣（產(chǎn)生氣阻）；連接件松脫燃油中進(jìn)水（結(jié)冰堵塞）；燃油濾清及溢流閥堵塞、濾網(wǎng)堵塞等；
（ 5 ）使用潤滑油的牌號(hào)不對(duì)；

（ 6 ）使用的柴油等級(jí)不對(duì)（建議冬季使用﹣ 10# 柴油）。
三、Perkins柴油機(jī)啟動(dòng)困難的其他原因
（ 1 ）啟動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)速過低；蓄電池容量不足；導(dǎo)線松脫、接觸不良、啟動(dòng)無力；機(jī)油粘度過大，致使阻力增加；

Perkins 《 操作保養(yǎng)手冊(cè) 》 建議：

（ 2 ）點(diǎn)火溫度過低（排氣管冒白煙）；未將熱水加入水箱、預(yù)熱缸體和缸蓋；

Perkins 《 安裝手冊(cè) 》 建議：在環(huán)境溫度低于 10 ℃ 時(shí)，推薦安裝外部缸套水加熱器，規(guī)格 1.5kW-4kW ；

（ 3 ）氣缸壓力不足；氣缸襯套燒蝕；缸蓋螺絲松動(dòng)、氣缸漏氣；氣門及氣門座燒蝕等。
四、Perkins啟動(dòng)困難故障維護(hù)檢修要點(diǎn)
（ 1 ）檢查油箱柴油存量及其質(zhì)量（是否干凈清潔）；油路有無堵塞之處，必要時(shí)清洗維護(hù)；
（ 2 ）檢查和擰緊供油系油路每個(gè)油管接頭，必要時(shí)排除燃油中的空氣；
（ 3 ）維護(hù)濾清器，按規(guī)定清洗擦干或更換濾芯；
（ 4 ）清洗噴油泵和噴油嘴偶件，裝復(fù)后經(jīng)壓力調(diào)試合格后裝車；
（ 5 ）按當(dāng)?shù)夭煌竟?jié)條件選用優(yōu)質(zhì)潤滑油品和燃油油品。
五、Perkins柴油機(jī)低溫啟動(dòng)建議措施
（ 1 ）做好入冬前的換季保養(yǎng)、全面清洗柴油供應(yīng)系統(tǒng)，根據(jù)不同氣溫?fù)Q用適合本地區(qū)特點(diǎn)的低溫輕柴油清洗潤滑系統(tǒng)，換用低溫用的柴油機(jī)油，并加注防凍液、防銹液；提高蓄電池電解液密度，注意蓄電池保溫；
（ 2 ）啟動(dòng)前水箱加注 80 ℃ 左右的熱水（指未加防凍液的車輛）；用熱水澆噴油泵及高壓油管；
（ 3 ）先搖轉(zhuǎn)曲軸數(shù)圈，使機(jī)油進(jìn)入配合表面機(jī)體各部件得到充分潤滑。
（ 4 ）冷卻系未加防凍液的車輛、尤其在嚴(yán)寒低溫下，要邊放水，邊加熱水，直至機(jī)體溫度合適為止（ Perkins 發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)在缸體溫度 15 ℃ 以上可順利啟動(dòng)）；

（ 5 ）每天用車后，必須給發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)、濕貯氣筒、柴油預(yù)濾器放水；
（ 6 ）當(dāng)氣溫低到 0 ℃ 以下時(shí)，可把缸套水加熱器開關(guān)打到預(yù)熱檔，預(yù)熱 1H-2H 后啟動(dòng)。

Perkins diesel engine starting difficult to detect in winter
Perkins diesel engine starting difficulties in the use of more common, especially in the cold winter cold, the engine itself is a low temperature, intake air temperature is too low to start the viscosity of diesel oil major, combined with low temperature fluidity of diesel is poor, it is difficult to atomization of diesel ignition.
In this case, the start is very difficult, so difficult to start one winter diesel engine start failure prevention focus.
One, Perkins diesel engine condition smooth start
Perkins diesel engine smooth start, the key lies in whether the diesel injected into the cylinder with compressed air quickly formed a combustible mixture and timely ignition combustion. Therefore, the air entering the cylinder is compressed with a high temperature and pressure, is to ensure a smooth start of the engine main factors.
To meet the above requirements, you must meet the following conditions:
(1) have sufficient startup speed; high speed (Perkins engines typically 250 - 300r/min), gas permeation leak is small, the compression cylinder kiln to heat a short time, less heat loss, could easily lead to higher temperatures and pressures ;
(2) cylinder seal better, can reduce gas leakage, increasing the pressure and temperature at the end of compression;
(3) To meet the requirements of injection timing, injection good quality, otherwise do not form a combustible mixture.
Second, due to fuel system failure caused difficulty in starting their own reasons
(1) issuing or clogged nozzles, fuel pump column Fonseca stagnation; delivery valve Mifengbuyan; fuel adjustment rod dysfunction; pump work lapsed; related components damaged, causing the fuel pump will not produce high pressure mist;
(2) injection timing allowed: The reason there putt cam rollers and wear; fuel pump drive coupling component damage and improper adjustment;
(3) the injection pressure is too low and bad injector atomization; mostly catching needle injectors, injector adjusting spring breakage, etc.;
(4) the oil level is too low, the oil is not oil; mostly no fuel in the fuel tank, fuel lines crack on the intake (air resistance); connector loose fuel inlet (ice jam); fuel filtration and relief valve plug, filter clogging, etc.;
(5) does not use oil grades;
(6) the level of use of diesel right (recommended for winter use - 10 # diesel oil).
Three, Perkins diesel engine starting difficulties for other reasons
(1) Start speed is too low; insufficient battery capacity; wire loose, poor contact, unable to start; oil viscosity is too large, resulting in increased resistance;
Perkins "Operation Maintenance Manual" recommendations:
(2) The ignition temperature is too low (exhaust white smoke); did not add the hot water tank, preheat cylinder block and cylinder head;
Perkins "Installation Manual" Suggestion: when the ambient temperature is below 10 ℃, recommended to install an external jacket water heater, specifications 1.5kW-4kW;
(3) the cylinder pressure is insufficient; cylinder liner erosion; head screw loose, cylinder leakage; valve and valve seat ablation.
Four, Perkins difficult to fault maintenance and overhaul starting point
(1) check the stock and quality of the diesel fuel tank (if clean and clean); the oil clogging the Department, if necessary, cleaning and maintenance;
(2) Check and tighten the oil supply system for each pipe fittings, necessary to exclude the fuel in the air;
(3) maintenance cleaner, dry cleaning required or replace the filter;
(4) cleaning the fuel pump and the fuel injection nozzles, passing through the pressure after commissioning refitted after loading;
(5) according to local conditions in different seasons of high quality lubricants and fuel oil.
Five, Perkins diesel engine cold start the proposed measures
(1) well before winter seasonal maintenance, comprehensive cleaning diesel supply system, cleaning, depending on the temperature change in the region with a suitable low-temperature characteristics of light diesel oil lubrication system, for diesel oil with low temperature, and filling antifreeze, anti- rust liquid; improve battery electrolyte density, note the battery insulation;
(2) filling the tank before starting about 80 ℃ hot water (refer not add antifreeze vehicles); irrigated with hot high pressure fuel pump and tubing;
(3) first crank crank a few laps to make oil into the mating surfaces of the parts of the body to be fully lubricated.
(4) Cooling not add antifreeze vehicles, especially in cold temperature, to turn on the water side, while heating water until body temperature appropriate date (Perkins engine starts smoothly cylinder temperature above 15 ℃);
(5) After the car every day, you must give the engine, wet storage tubes, diesel pre-filter drain;
(6) when the temperature is low to the following 0 ℃, the jacket water heater can switch to preheat file, preheat 1H-2H after startup.